The Cartwheel

Simulations of ring galaxies with spokes demand dissipation (Hernquist & Weil 1993; Mihos & Hernquist 1994):

Models predict lots of gas and star formation in the central ring!

What do we see? (courtesy Higdon etal)
 

Uh oh....
 

But wait...
 

there is molecular gas
(Horellou etal 1998)
MH2 ~ 1.5-6x109 Msun
and there is mid-IR emission
indicative of star formation
(Charmandaris etal 1999)

...just not as dominant as in the outer ring.

  • threshold effects?
  • other physical influences?